If the US Federal Reserve Board had met a day or two later, would it have left interest rates on hold?
asserted
it → meet → hold
In explaining why the Fed kept its policy rate, the federal funds rate, unchanged after this week’s meeting of its Open Market Committee (FOMC), the central bank said it needed more data.
asserted
it → explain → data
“The accumulation of more information will help the committee determine the policy stance appropriate to ensure a timely return of inflation to the committee’s 2 per cent goal,” it explained.
asserted
it → help → goal
More information will become available within 24 hours of that statement, with the release of the Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) report for September on Thursday at 11.30pm AEDT, along with GDP data.
asserted
information → become → data
The PCE price index is the Fed’s preferred measure of inflation.
asserted
index → prefer → inflation
It would be a surprise if that data doesn’t show US inflation continuing to accelerate, given that the most recent consumer price index report for September showed a 0.6 per cent rise in the headline inflation rate, with price increases both gathering pace and broadening throughout the economy.
asserted
increases → show → economy
In the circumstances, a central bank committed to bringing inflation under control could easily have justified increasing its policy rate for the second time in this cycle.
uncertain
bank → commit → cycle
Indeed, two of the 12 voting members of the FOMC – Lisa Cook and Beth Hammack – voted for a 25 basis point increase.
asserted
two → vote → increase
The Fed’s chairman Kevin Warsh was asked at the press conference after the meeting why, if inflation was high, the bank hadn’t raised rates.
asserted
bank → ask → rates
He didn’t provide a direct answer.
asserted
He → provide → answer
‘I just spent two days with my colleagues upstairs.
asserted
I → spend → colleagues
I didn’t hear an utterance about politics...
asserted
I → hear → politics
I didn’t hear anything about it and I don’t believe it had any role in the decision.’Federal
asserted
it → hear → decision
“If the crux of your question is ‘you haven’t achieved price stability,’ you’re right,” he said, adding that the central bank was committed to achieving that stability.
asserted
bank → achieve → stability
He denied that next week’s midterm election influenced the decision to keep rates steady, saying “politics played no role.”
asserted
politics → deny → role
Donald Trump would have had a meltdown had the Fed raised rates days ahead of those elections.
asserted
Fed → have → elections
“I just spent two days with my colleagues upstairs.
asserted
I → spend → colleagues
I didn’t hear an utterance about politics.
asserted
I → hear → politics
I didn’t hear a reference to politics, elections, what’s happening in the next week, or so.
asserted
what → hear → week
I didn’t hear anything about it and I don’t believe it had any role in the decision, not just for me, but my colleagues around the room,” Warsh said.
asserted
Warsh → hear → room
The Fed would have a better understanding of the economy and financial markets at its next meeting, as the “period right in front of us is information-rich,” he said.
asserted
he → have → us
The Fed chair conceded that inflation was too high and said he and his colleagues would “own” the Fed’s 2 per cent inflation target.
asserted
he → concede → target
America’s headline CPI inflation rate was 3.7 per cent last month, while “core” inflation (excluding volatile food and fuel prices) was 2.6 per cent.
asserted
inflation → exclude → prices
“We’re taking responsibility for it, and if you think that we’re tolerating some inflation targets somewhere in the twos, let us disabuse you of it,” he said.
While the Fed might have hit pause after its first move in the rate cycle – the 25 basis point increase in the federal funds rate last month was the first rate rise in three years – it seems inevitable that there will be more to come.
uncertain
it → take → years
Financial markets are pricing in another 25 basis points in December, and at least two more rate hikes next year.
asserted
markets → price → December
Trump’s inflation boosters
The inflation rate is being driven by Trump’s tariffs and his war in the Middle East, which has seen oil prices trading well above $US100 a barrel – Brent crude currently costs more than $US114 a barrel – which, in turn, has caused massive price spikes in the prices of gasoline and diesel.
asserted
which → drive → gasoline
The increased cost of diesel, in particular, will steadily feed into transport and agricultural production costs, and then into consumer prices and inflation.
asserted
cost → increase → prices
While it has taken time, Trump’s on-again, off-again, on-again tariffs are also starting to show up in the most recent economic data, with the cost of basic consumer goods starting to jump.
asserted
cost → take → goods
Add in the impact of the extraordinary investments in artificial intelligence, which are driving up the costs of chips and computing power, electricity, water, commodities and construction materials, and there’s an inflation tide running through the economy.
asserted
which → add → economy
AI is helping to grow the US economy, with Warsh saying it was likely the GDP numbers this week would show annualised growth of more than 3 per cent in the September quarter.
asserted
numbers → help → quarter
The Fed’s summation of the state of the world’s largest economy was that it was expanding at a strong pace, even as uncertainty remained elevated due to “geopolitical developments.”
asserted
uncertainty → expand → developments
Domestic spending was holding up, productivity growth was strong and capital investment robust.
asserted
investment → hold → ?
Warsh said the AI boom was playing a role in driving up both inflation and growth and was an important factor in the strength of the economy, but not the only one.
asserted
boom → say → economy
He argued, as he has previously, that productivity growth was picking up, allowing the US economy to grow faster without inflation – even though there has been only modest improvement in productivity to date, while there’s plenty of evidence to show the AI investment boom is contributing to the acceleration in the inflation rate.
asserted
boom → argue → rate
The Fed may be hoping that financial markets will do some of the heavy lifting in bringing inflation under control.
uncertain
markets → hop → control
While bond yields have eased back a little from earlier this month, when they reached their highest levels in more than two decades, they remain high and are tightening financial conditions for companies (including the increasingly cashflow-negative AI companies, which are issuing more and more bonds to fund their massive spending) and households.
asserted
which → ease → spending
While Warsh was unwilling to label economic conditions “tight,” he did say they were tighter, with market participants becoming “more discerning in their capital allocations.”
Midterm crisis
Higher bond yields are a direct threat to the stability of some of the more overly-leveraged AI infrastructure providers.
They’re also an issue for the US government as they increase the interest costs of its $US40 trillion-plus debt mountain and raise a questionmark over the sustainability of a deficit now running above 6 per cent of America’s GDP.
asserted
they → label → GDP
That’s why Trump and his economics team are so fixated with the Fed, with Trump continually haranguing the central bank for not cutting rates dramatically.
asserted
Trump → ’ → rates
He has tried, and is continuing to try, to stack the Fed’s board.
asserted
He → try → board
There’s a hearing scheduled for next week at which Lisa Cook – one of the dissenters at the FOMC meeting – will face an inquiry staffed by three hardcore Trump loyalists over untested allegations of mortgage fraud in the latest attempt to oust her from the Fed’s board and create an opening for another Trump appointee.
asserted
Cook → ’ → appointee
…and 3 more, not listed.
The Aporia
