The Bank of England has increased interest rates for the first time in more than three years as it warned that inflation is set to soar to around 5%.
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inflation → increase → %
Policymakers at the central bank said they were increasing borrowing costs in a bid to combat the rising cost-of-living for British households and businesses.
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they → say → households
At its latest meeting, the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) decided to increase the Bank’s base rate to 4% from 3.75%.
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Committee → decide → %
It is the first time that borrowing costs have gone up since August 2023.
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costs → go → August
It came as the central bank sharply raised its inflation forecasts due to a recent jump in energy and fuel prices linked to the Iran war.
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bank → come → war
Oil prices have eased back in the past two days due to hopes the conflict might ease, but Mr Bailey stressed that some price increases are “already in the pipeline” for households even if the war finds a swift resolution.
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war → ease → resolution
All members of the nine-person committee voted for a hike – although one member, Catherine Mann, preferred a bigger jump of 0.5 percentage points.
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member → vote → points
The MPC said it needed to take action to control rising inflation in the UK economy, which was being pushed higher by the impact of the US and Israel’s ongoing conflict with Iran on global energy and fuel prices.
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which → say → prices
Governor Andrew Bailey said: “There is now enough inflationary pressure in the pipeline caused by the rise in energy prices that an increase in Bank rate is warranted.
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increase → say → rate
“Today’s increase shouldn’t be seen as the first in an inevitable long sequence of hikes.
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increase → see → hikes
It marks a strong signal from the Bank’s boss that borrowers are heading for a bigger squeeze at a time when the cost of living is rising.
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cost → mark → living
The MPC said many companies had so far been absorbing higher energy costs into their profit margins or had hedged against large spikes since the war began around nine months ago.
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war → say → spikes
But it warned that such “buffers would only prove temporary and these cost pressures would eventually pass through into higher consumer prices if the energy shock persisted”.
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shock → warn → prices
This means that households could face price rises in shops for things like food, drink and other goods and services.
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households → mean → food
Chancellor John Healey said: “The Iran conflict is reaching deep into the pockets of families and businesses here at home.
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conflict → say → home
“In my Budget I acted to give some breathing space to families and businesses.
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I → act → families
Twenty million households will get a £100 energy payment, I extended the tax cut on electricity bills and froze fuel duty.
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I → get → duty
“I also set out the course ahead to get costs down for good.
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I → set → costs
That includes big changes to our energy system so Britain is better protected from global shocks in the future.”
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Britain → include → future
Interest rates are typically increased in a bid to bring down the rate of inflation, amid hopes that higher borrowing costs will weigh on demand and therefore cause firms to limit price increases.
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firms → increase → increases
The Bank of England said on Thursday that it currently expects inflation to continue to accelerate in the coming months before peaking at “around 5%” in the second quarter of 2027.
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inflation → say → 2027
It is then likely to steadily fall until it reaches the central bank’s 2% target in the third quarter of 2028.
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it → fall → 2028
The projected rise in the cost of living comes despite efforts from Andy Burnham’s Government to support households in last week’s budget.
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rise → project → budget
Bank research indicated that measures from the Budget, such as the removal of VAT from household electricity bills, are likely to reduce the inflation rate by around 0.25% in the second quarter of next year.
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measures → indicate → year
The inflation spike is primarily driven by higher energy prices, linked to the intensification of the conflict in the Middle East in recent months.
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spike → drive → months
Household energy bills are set to be a particular driver of inflation, with expectations that the regulator Ofgem will increase its price cap for household bills by almost 25% to an average annual bill of £2,150 in January.
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regulator → set → January
The Bank’s report indicated that higher energy costs could feed further into supply chains by next year, as some firms see their hedged energy prices unwind.
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prices → indicate → year
It predicted that British households will also face more expensive food, with food inflation expected to rise as high as 4.8% next year.
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inflation → predict → %
This was linked to higher energy costs for manufacturers as well as potential supply chain pressure linked to the El Nino weather system.
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This → link → system
Nevertheless, the Bank said the UK economy has been more resilient than previously predicted in recent months.
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economy → say → months
It said higher business investment, partly linked to AI, helped to drive stronger growth so far this year.
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investment → say → growth
It said the UK economy is on track to grow by 1.6% this year, up sharply from a previous forecast of 1.1%.
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economy → say → %
The economy is then likely to see growth slightly to 1.3% amid pressure from higher inflation, but this is still above the 1.1% growth projected in July.
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this → see → July
However, the Bank said it downgraded its growth forecasts for 2028 and 2029 as elevated inflation and interest rates weigh on potential demand.
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inflation → say → demand
Economists said on Thursday that they expect another hike in interest rates in the coming months in order to help bring inflation back towards target levels.
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they → say → levels
Thomas Pugh, chief economist at RSM UK, said: “The longer the shock lasts, the greater the risk that it becomes embedded in domestic wage and price setting.
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it → say → setting
That points to more hikes to come.
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That → point → hikes
“Unless energy prices fall dramatically and stay down over the winter, another rate hike in February looks a sound bet.”
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hike → fall → February
Matt Swannell, chief economic adviser to the Item Club, said: “The timing of the next hike is now less clear and looks very likely to be determined by how wholesale energy prices move over the coming weeks.
“
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prices → say → weeks
For now, a December hike looks like a coin toss.
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hike → look → toss
…and 1 more, not listed.
The Aporia
