To screen or not to screen — that is the question.
asserted
that → screen → ?
If cancer is found, it’s usually slow growing and harmless.
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it → find → ?
That’s why clinicians worry about creating unnecessary anxiety and exposing patients to unnecessary treatment that can leave patients with permanent health impacts.
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that → ’ → impacts
Now, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has released new guidelines, reversing recommendations that had been in place for 16 years.
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that → release → years
For men at average risk for the disease aged 50 to 69, the organization is recommending blood tests called prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests every two years.
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organization → age → tests
But for Black men or men with a family history of prostate cancer, they recommend starting at age 45 and getting annual testing.
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they → recommend → testing
This is a significant change from ACS’s previous advice, which was for average-risk patients to work with their doctors to decide whether to screen.
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patients → work → doctors
One expert described the ACS’s new guidance to the Times as a “reversal.”
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expert → describe → reversal
Fortunately, most people with prostate cancer get diagnosed during an early stage — and many are cured.
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many → diagnose → stage
But over 36,000 people will die from prostate cancer this year, a vast majority from metastatic, advanced cancer.
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people → die → cancer
It is the second leading cause of cancer death in men in the US, behind lung cancer.
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It → lead → cancer
Since their last recommendations in 2010, the ACS said that stronger evidence has shown that screening for prostate cancer with a PSA blood test significantly saves lives by catching it earlier.
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screening → say → it
When former President Joe Biden was diagnosed with prostate cancer last year, it was at an advanced stage (stage 4) and had spread to his bones.
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it → diagnose → bones
Many were shocked to learn he hadn’t had a PSA test since 2014 — over 10 years — but at age 82, guidelines did not and still do not recommend screening.
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guidelines → shock → screening
If you’re not Black and don’t have a family history of prostate cancer, you can rely on age-related guidance:
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you → ’re → guidance
For men aged 70 to 74: The ACS recommends patients decide with their doctors whether to screen as the “balance of benefits and harms remains uncertain.”
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balance → age → benefits
Screening is not recommended, though they note that men aged 75 to 79 who are very healthy may want to continue screening if PSA levels were rising on previous tests, but screening should be discussed with a doctor.
uncertain
screening → recommend → doctor
Some groups are at higher risk and should get screened every year.
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groups → screen → risk
These include:
Black men aged 45 to 69.
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These → include → ?
“Black men experience a 67% higher incidence and nearly double the mortality rate compared with White men, an inequity that needs immediate reversal,” said ACS Dr. William Dahut.
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Dahut → experience → reversal
Men 45 to 69 with a parent, sibling or child (first-degree relatives) with prostate cancer diagnosed before age 65
Men 45 to 69 with multiple first-degree relatives diagnosed at any age
How PSA screening works
In healthy men, small amounts of PSA are in the blood.
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amounts → diagnose → blood
A PSA test — a small vial of blood drawn from the arm — can find elevated levels, which could point to prostate cancer or other conditions, like enlarged or inflamed prostates.
uncertain
which → draw → prostates
The ACS says it’s a first step.
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it → say → ?
Men with elevated PSA levels would wait a period of time — between two weeks and three months — and get a repeat test.
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Men → wait → test
The ACS recommends that after getting a second test confirming elevated levels, men should get an MRI and/or a validated biomarker (other blood and urine tests) to decide whether they want to get a biopsy done.
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biopsy → recommend → MRI
Biopsy is the only way to get a definitive diagnosis.
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Biopsy → get → diagnosis
If a patient is diagnosed with a cancer that has a low risk of growing or spreading, the ACS says they should be offered active surveillance — regular testing without treatment — as the initial option.
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they → diagnose → option
“PSA testing remains the cornerstone of detecting prostate cancer early, and we now have stronger evidence of its benefits,” said Dr. Robert Smith in the ACS statement.
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Smith → remain → statement
“We also have better approaches to catching lethal tumors while avoiding unnecessary tests for slow-growing cancers that may never need aggressive care.”
uncertain
that → have → care
The Aporia
