In the days following the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, American special operations forces infiltrated Afghanistan from the K2 airfield in Uzbekistan to meet up with the Northern Alliance.
asserted
forces → follow → Alliance
Over the next two decades, as a journalist and researcher, I spent years in the battlefields of the Global War on Terrorism to observe and report on US Special Operations Forces.
asserted
I → spend → Forces
As the country reflects on the lessons of 25 years of war, several fundamental SOF Truths and hard-earned lessons carry great salience for today.
asserted
Truths → reflect → today
The US defense machine has much to learn from SOF.
asserted
machine → have → SOF
As I traveled with SOF units in Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere, I became familiar with the special operators’ shorthand for their approaches to war.
asserted
I → travel → war
Three sayings in particular unveil how these elite soldiers relied as much on savvy and wit as on brute force.
asserted
soldiers → unveil → force
“Humans are more important than hardware,” the first SOF truth, conveys the central principle of working with local populations to develop partnership.
asserted
truth → convey → partnership
“Use the weapon between your ears” was the admonition to think strategically, not tactically.
asserted
Use → use → ears
And “work your way out of a job” was the ultimate objective.
asserted
work → work → job
In other words, their primary mission was to help the country build capable security forces to leave behind a lasting solution for peace and security.
asserted
country → help → peace
That last objective was one reason that President Trump was re-elected — to get the country out of forever wars.
asserted
Trump → re → wars
These three sayings reveal what really make the SOF such a powerful body: Its secret sauce is imparting expertise to indigenous forces and working with other cultures to understand what would and would not create lasting security.
asserted
what → reveal → security
That worked in rural parts of Afghanistan, where village-level pacts were struck and sons of tribal leaders defended their homelands.
asserted
sons → work → homelands
It worked in the Philippines’ southern Mindanao region, where Abu Sayyaf — a Jihadist militant group — gave way to the Bangsamoro Accord and peace.
asserted
Sayyaf → work → Accord
And it worked in the late phase of the war in Iraq, where Special Forces combat advisers supported Iraqi and Syrian Kurds in the ousting of ISIS.
asserted
advisers → work → ISIS
Had the Special Forces’ approach been enshrined in the overarching policy and strategy of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the major missteps of the long war on terrorism would have been averted.
asserted
missteps → enshrine → terrorism
Instead, money flowed and emphasis shifted to hardware and other costly “things” that would supposedly win the war.
asserted
that → flow → war
A focus on body count supplanted an understanding of why and how the terrorist leadership continued to regenerate.
asserted
leadership → supplant → understanding
SOF commanders recognized that mowing down recruits was counterproductive: for every one terrorist you kill, you create a handful of new recruits out of his neighbors, friends and family.
asserted
you → recognize → neighbors
SOF calls this COIN math — counterinsurgency math.
asserted
SOF → call → this
In other words, “lethality” — the ability to kill — has been mistaken as a winning strategic concept.
asserted
lethality → kill → concept
Wiser commanders know you cannot kill your way to peace.
asserted
you → know → peace
An overreliance on sheer military power does not create lasting victory.
asserted
overreliance → create → victory
Special-operator culture is pragmatic and solution-oriented.
asserted
culture → orient → ?
Among the innovations introduced during the Afghan fight was the use of women in combat formations as a vital tool to understand and interact with rural Afghans.
asserted
use → introduce → Afghans
Dan Caine, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, credited these women’s contributions during his confirmation testimony.
asserted
Caine → credit → testimony
Last year, a Navy officer was selected to become the first woman promoted to lead a unit in the Naval Special Warfare command.
asserted
officer → select → command
At the last minute, her promotion was yanked for inexplicable reasons.
asserted
promotion → yank → reasons
Many in the Navy believed her gender was the reason for the reversal, although the Pentagon denied this.
asserted
Pentagon → believe → this
If it is the case that her promotion was denied based on her gender, then it’s clear that senior defense leadership has no grasp on what makes SOF successful.
asserted
SOF → deny → grasp
These and other women have served in combat with distinction, contrary to the erroneous claims that they have not met the standard.
uncertain
they → serve → standard
Many in uniform know that it’s detrimental to the US military and US national security to sideline women who are performing invaluable service on the battlefield.
asserted
who → know → battlefield
Besides their ability to fight, their talent for working with local cultures was vital to SOF successes in the Middle East.
asserted
talent → fight → East
That skillset is what makes SOF necessary for the country’s national security.
asserted
SOF → make → security
But its ethic and mindset are vital to the upholding of US national security, and its value cannot be overstated.
asserted
value → overstate → security
A new edition of “Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces,” will be republished on Oct. 13 by PublicAffairs Books.
asserted
edition → republish → Books
The Aporia
