Pope Leo has been diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer.
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Leo → diagnose → cancer
The 71-year-old pontiff had been admitted to Rome's Gemelli Hospital after doctors discovered a growth during a routine health check.
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doctors → admit → check
The diagnosis was made on Tuesday after doctors removed the lower lobe of his right lung during an operation.
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doctors → make → operation
Adenocarcinoma is a type of cancer that forms in glandular cells, which produce substances such as mucus.
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which → form → mucus
In the lungs, it develops in cells lining the air sacs and is the most common subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the category that accounts for about 80 to 85 per cent of lung cancers.
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that → develop → cancers
Adenocarcinoma represents roughly 40 per cent of all lung cancer cases, according to the Lung Cancer Foundation of America.
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Adenocarcinoma → represent → America
It is typically found in the outer parts of the lungs and tends to grow more slowly than some other forms of lung cancer, increasing the chances of detection before it has spread.
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it → find → detection
Who gets it?
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Who → get → it
Smoking remains the main risk factor.
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Smoking → remain → ?
However, adenocarcinoma is also the most common type of lung cancer among people who have never smoked.
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who → smoke → people
The pope is not known to have been a smoker.
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pope → know → ?
Early-stage disease often causes no symptoms and may be discovered during scans performed for other reasons.
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disease → cause → reasons
As the cancer progresses, symptoms can include a persistent cough, shortness of breath or wheezing, coughing up blood, chest, shoulder or back pain, unexplained weight loss and fatigue.
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symptoms → progress → blood
The Vatican has said the tumour was found during a routine health check.
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tumour → say → check
Leo said on Sunday that the growth was "well-contained" and had been spotted early.
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growth → say → Sunday
How is it treated?
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it → treat → ?
For patients whose cancer is confined to the lung, surgery offers the best chance of a cure.
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surgery → confine → cure
The standard operation is a lobectomy, as occurred on Tuesday, in which an entire lobe of the lung is removed.
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lobe → occur → lung
Doctors consider it the preferred treatment when the tumour is limited to a single lobe because it maximises the chances of removing all cancerous tissue while preserving as much lung function as possible.
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it → consider → function
Depending on the stage of the disease, treatment can also include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted drugs and immunotherapy.
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treatment → depend → chemotherapy
The Vatican has not given any information yet on what follow-up treatment Pope Leo might need.
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Leo → give → treatment
Prognosis
Doctors say prognosis depends heavily on the stage of the cancer and whether it has spread beyond the lung.
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it → say → lung
The Vatican has not disclosed the size of the tumour or whether lymph nodes were affected, making it impossible to assess Leo's individual prognosis at this stage.
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it → disclose → stage
According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year relative survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer is 67 per cent when the disease remains confined to the lung.
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disease → accord → lung
The rate falls to about 40 per cent when the disease has spread to nearby tissues or lymph nodes and to about 12 per cent when it has spread to distant organs.
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it → fall → organs
However, it says people being diagnosed now may have a better outlook than these statistics suggest because of improving treatments.
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statistics → say → treatments
Medical experts also caution that outcomes vary widely depending on tumour size, lymph node involvement, a patient's age and overall health.
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outcomes → caution → size
The Aporia
