Robert E. Hall and Michael Woodford have been awarded the Nobel memorial prize in economics for their work on models that have aided governments and central banks manage economic shocks, such as energy crises and inflation.
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governments → award → crises
The winners were announced in Stockholm by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, who said the American economists were being honoured for work that has helped policymakers deal with economic fluctuations.
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policymakers → announce → fluctuations
“The laureates’ research has made it possible to manage major macroeconomic crises far more effectively than before,” the Nobel committee wrote.
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committee → make → crises
“It has been hugely beneficial during the pandemic and the energy crises of recent years.″
Hall is affiliated with Stanford University in California, and Woodford with Columbia University in New York.
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Hall → affiliate → York
Woodford spoke to the committee by phone on Monday from New York, saying: “It’s a tremendous honour, it’s a surprise."
The Nobel committee said the laureates' work has created the theoretical foundation for models now used by central banks and governments around the world.
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work → speak → world
“With them, we are better equipped to deal with shocks in the economy, such as energy crises or sudden changes in how much households consume," John Hassler, chair of the Committee for the Prize in Economic Sciences, said in a news release.
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Hassler → equip → release
The 2 overturned earlier economic assumptions
For decades, governments responded to economic shocks by following the Depression-era prescriptions of the British economist John Maynard Keynes: intervene in the economy by lowering taxes and hiking government spending, thereby encouraging consumers and businesses to spend and invest and help restart growth.
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governments → overturn → growth
“This is the Keynesian recipe and it worked well — until it didn’t,’’ said Timo Boppart of the Nobel economics prize committee.
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Boppart → work → committee
Policymakers had thought economic management involved simple trade-offs – unemployment, for instance, would stay low at a time of high inflation and rise when inflation fell.
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inflation → think → inflation
But the “stagflation’’ of the 1970s – when the world economy experienced simultaneous high inflation and high unemployment – proved the formula was simplistic.
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formula → experience → inflation
Some economists argued that government attempts to intervene in the economy were doomed to fail.
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attempts → argue → economy
But Hall and Woodford, in separate contributions, set about improving the Keynesian model to take into account how consumers and businesses actually make decisions about whether to invest and spend.
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consumers → set → decisions
“Economic outcomes are the result of millions of decisions made at the microlevel by households and businesses,’’ the Nobel committee wrote.
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committee → make → households
“Using models based upon this approach, rather than simply studying the economy from a macro perspective, like a bird’s eye view, Hall’s and Woodford’s research has generated a paradigm shift in the theory of stabilisation policy.’’
Hall studied consumer decisions
Hall studied the way that consumers’ decisions about whether and how much to spend depend on what they expect their future income to be.
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income → use → much
“If they are optimistic, they will consume more than if they are pessimistic,’’ the committee wrote.
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committee → consume → more
But consumer expectations can change unexpectedly as new information about the economy comes in.
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information → change → economy
And some households are so poor they can’t borrow or tap savings in response to economic changes.
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they → borrow → changes
In a 1982 paper with the economist Fredric Mishkin, Hall found that around 80 per cent of households made spending decisions based on their expectations for the future “while the rest lived hand to mouth,’’ the committee wrote.
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committee → find → mouth
Woodford analysed how businesses make decisions
Woodford’s research established that businesses make decisions about prices based on where they think interest rates will go in the future.
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rates → analyse → future
“If the business believes that its competitors’ prices and its own costs will increase, it is best to set a higher price than it would with the opposite expectation,” the Nobel committee wrote.
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committee → believe → expectation
“Businesses’ decisions are thus also governed by their expectations.’’
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decisions → govern → expectations
Therefore, central banks such as the US Federal Reserve, which set short-term interest rates, should provide “clear and credible communication about how they reason and what they plan to do.’’
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they → set → what
Central banks have responded to this insight by working harder to explain what they are doing.
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they → respond → what
During the phone call broadcast at the news conference, Woodford said his work has stressed “the understanding of the people who are in the markets and making decisions about spending.”
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who → broadcast → spending
The economics prize is the last Nobel announcement this year
Last year, three researchers who study business innovation won for explaining how new products and inventions promote economic growth and human welfare, even as they leave older companies in the dust.
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they → study → dust
The economics prize is formally known as the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.
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prize → know → Nobel
The central bank established it in 1968 as a memorial to Nobel, the 19th-century Swedish businessman and chemist who invented dynamite and established the five Nobel Prizes.
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who → establish → Prizes
Nobel honours were announced last week in medicine, physics, chemistry, literature and peace.
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honours → announce → medicine
Dr. Karl Deisseroth shared the medicine prize with Peter Hegemann and Georg Nagel for their work that led to a tool that uses light to help unravel how the brain works.
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brain → share → light
The Aporia
