When US Cardinal Robert Prevost emerged on the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in May 2025 as Pope Leo XIV, the new leader of the Catholic Church, he struck a stark contrast from his predecessor Francis.
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he → emerge → predecessor
Leo, young for a pope at 69, appeared energetic, spoke in a strong voice and had no known history of health issues.
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Leo → appear → issues
Francis, who died at 88, had become increasingly frail during his 12-year papacy.
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who → die → papacy
With the Vatican's announcement on Tuesday that Leo, now 71, was diagnosed with lung cancer after surgeons removed part of his right lung that afternoon, the world's 1.4 billion Catholics are again unexpectedly facing the reality of a sick pope.
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Catholics → diagnose → pope
Leo, the first US-born pontiff, has emerged as an increasingly influential voice beyond the Church, raising alarm about the risks posed by artificial intelligence and drawing the ire of US President Donald Trump by criticising the Iran war.
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Leo → bear → war
The future shape of Leo's papacy — once expected to be dynamic with many foreign trips and the pope stepping into a leading moral role on the global stage — is now more uncertain.
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pope → expect → stage
Medical experts say the pope's prognosis will depend on several factors, including whether the cancer had spread to his lymph nodes, currently unknown.
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cancer → say → nodes
"It's too early to say how this will affect Pope Leo's agenda and his ability to carry on the duties of the papacy," John Thavis, a Vatican expert and author, told Reuters.
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Thavis → say → Reuters
"If his recovery is complete and no aggressive therapy is needed, the pope may be able to carry on as usual," he said.
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he → need → ?
PLANNED SOUTH AMERICA TRIP IN QUESTION
One immediate question Leo faces is whether to proceed with an 11-day tour of Uruguay, Argentina and Peru from November 6 to 17.
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Leo → face → 17
The trip is known to be a high priority for the pope, who spent decades as a missionary and bishop in Peru.
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who → know → Peru
The original schedule, announced last month, would have made it one of the most intense foreign trips ever undertaken by a pope, with Leo leading some 50 events and giving 36 speeches across a 10-city tour.
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Leo → announce → tour
Dr. Stephen Liu, a lung cancer expert at Georgetown University in Washington and division chief of hematology-oncology at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, said the trip may need to be postponed, depending on Leo's recovery.
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trip → say → recovery
"A trip to South America that quickly is possible, if this is an early-stage lung cancer and no further therapy is needed, but it is a tight timeline, and recovery is highly variable," said Liu.
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Liu → need → America
Leo had been keeping a rapid pace of foreign travel, already making four tours in 2026 and attracting large crowds.
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Leo → keep → crowds
More than 800,000 people turned out to see him in Paris last month.
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people → turn → Paris
Catholics have often witnessed a pope deal with illness.
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pope → witness → illness
Francis, who had part of one lung removed as a young adult, was prone to respiratory infections.
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part → have → infections
He was also hospitalised as pope for colon and hernia surgeries.
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He → hospitalise → surgeries
John Paul II began to suffer symptoms of Parkinson's disease in the 1990s, although the Vatican only confirmed his diagnosis in 2003.
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Vatican → begin → 2003
John XXIII died in 1963 from stomach cancer that was not disclosed by the Vatican until after his death.
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that → die → death
Benedict XVI however, who succeeded John Paul, was the first pope to resign in 600 years, stepping down in 2013 after he said he no longer had the strength for the job.
The Vatican, long reticent to discuss papal health issues, has been unusually transparent in Leo's case.
The pope himself announced to pilgrims in St. Peter's Square on Sunday that a "localized nodule" had been found in his lung and he needed surgery.
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he → succeed → surgery
He also said it was detected early and was well contained.
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it → say → ?
The Vatican later provided a detailed medical bulletin hours after Leo had undergone surgery.
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Leo → provide → surgery
Another statement may be released on Wednesday afternoon, but details on the pope's prognosis are expected to take a few days as doctors perform the necessary tests.
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doctors → release → tests
According to the American Cancer Society, the five-year relative survival rate for non-small cell lung cancer is 67% when the disease remains confined to the lung.
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disease → accord → lung
Dr. Giuseppe Cardillo, chief of thoracic surgery at Rome's San Camillo Forlanini hospital, said removal of lung cancer discovered at an early stage usually results in an "excellent" prognosis.
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removal → say → prognosis
Elise Allen, author of a biography of Leo for Penguin Peru, said people should not "jump the gun" in making conclusions about how the pope will recover.
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pope → say → conclusions
"Let's take it one day at a time," she said.
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she → take → time
The Aporia
