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“Since early March, shortly after the war began, Iran has closed the critical Strait of Hormuz in the Gulf, through which about one-fifth of global oil and liquefied natural gas supplies were shipped until then.”

“Iran’s Persian Gulf Strait Authority announced on Saturday that it would blacklist any shipping charterer company which orders crews to use routes it considers to be unauthorised.”

“The essential closure of the Strait of Hormuz has disrupted oil and gas flows from the Gulf nations, which depend on energy exports to finance their budgets.”

“Berlin, Germany – Europe is entering winter with historically low gas reserves and cannot withstand further supply shocks, Fatih Birol, head of the International Energy Agency, has warned, as the US-Israel war on Iran disrupts global supply chains.”