Fighting has returned to Ethiopia’s Tigray region, where former enemies are joining forces against the government and the peace agreement that ended one of Africa’s deadliest recent wars appears close to collapse.
asserted
that → return → wars
The crisis could merge conflicts in several parts of Ethiopia and draw neighboring Eritrea into another war.
uncertain
crisis → merge → war
Here are five things to know:
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things → know → ?
Fighting has returned to Tigray
Federal and Tigrayan forces accuse each other of restarting hostilities nearly four years after signing the Pretoria peace agreement.
asserted
forces → return → agreement
Ethiopian Airlines suspended flights to Tigray this week following the seizure of Mekelle airport by Tigrayan forces.
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Airlines → suspend → forces
Residents told The Associated Press that roads connecting Tigray with the neighboring Afar region had been closed, although AP could not independently verify the closures.
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AP → tell → closures
Internet monitor NetBlocks also reported disruptions across northern Ethiopia, reviving memories of the previous war, when Tigray was largely isolated and civilians struggled to obtain food, medicine and reliable information.
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civilians → report → food
Former enemies have joined forces
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enemies → join → forces
The Tigray People’s Liberation Front has joined six other opposition groups in an alliance that aims to remove Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed’s government.
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that → join → government
Its members include the Amhara Fano National Movement and the Oromo Liberation Army.
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members → include → Movement
Tigrayan and Amhara forces fought on opposing sides during the previous war.
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forces → fight → war
Magnus Taylor, deputy project director for the Horn of Africa at the International Crisis Group, described the coalition as combining political opposition to Abiy with an “opportunistic military alliance.”
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Taylor → describe → alliance
Effective coordination could force federal troops to fight across several regions.
uncertain
coordination → force → regions
But it remains unclear whether groups divided by territorial disputes and deep grievances can conduct joint military operations.
uncertain
groups → remain → operations
The 2022 peace agreement is close to collapse
The Pretoria agreement ended major fighting in November 2022 but left disputes over territory, security and accountability unresolved.
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agreement → collapse → territory
Taylor said the agreement was “on life support.”
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agreement → say → support
A TPLF spokesman told the AP this week that it was no longer valid.
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it → tell → AP
Laetitia Bader, a regional director at Human Rights Watch, said key provisions had been violated for years.
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provisions → say → years
She cited continuing abuses, including what the organization describes as the forced expulsion of ethnic Tigrayans from western Tigray.
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organization → cite → Tigray
AP could not independently verify the allegations.
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AP → verify → allegations
Eritrea could turn it into a regional war
Eritrean troops fought alongside Ethiopia’s federal forces during the previous Tigray war.
uncertain
troops → turn → war
Relations between Addis Ababa and Asmara have since deteriorated sharply.
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Relations → deteriorate → Ababa
Ethiopia has accused Eritrea of supporting armed opponents.
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Ethiopia → accuse → opponents
Eritrea has accused Abiy’s government of preparing for war as Ethiopia presses for greater access to the Red Sea.
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Ethiopia → accuse → Sea
Taylor warned that the fighting could spread across Ethiopia and draw in Eritrea.
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fighting → warn → Eritrea
That would create another regional conflict next to Sudan, which is already experiencing a devastating war and humanitarian crisis.
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which → create → war
Civilians again face the greatest danger
Researchers at Ghent University have estimated that the earlier war caused about 500,000 civilian deaths in Tigray alone.
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war → face → Tigray
The estimate includes deaths from direct violence, but researchers attributed most of the toll to famine and the collapse of the region’s health system.
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researchers → include → system
The conflict also displaced millions of people across northern Ethiopia.
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conflict → displace → Ethiopia
The war’s effects persisted after the ceasefire, with researchers later documenting deaths from hunger in Tigray.
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researchers → persist → Tigray
Bader warned that another Ethiopian conflict could deepen the wider regional emergency.
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conflict → warn → emergency
Transport and communications restrictions could quickly interrupt supplies of food and medicine while making civilian suffering harder to document.
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suffering → interrupt → food
Preventing a wider war would require an immediate halt to the fighting, renewed negotiations and sustained international pressure before Ethiopia’s separate conflicts converge.
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conflicts → prevent → fighting
The Aporia
